Heller JH, Adler AD (1980) Blood on the Shroud of Turin. McCrone WC (1990) The Shroud of Turin: blood or artist’s pigment? Acc Chem Res 23:77–83 McCrone WC (1981) Microscopical Study of the Turin ‘Shroud’ III. McCrone WC (1980) Light microscopical study of the Turin Shroud II. McCrone WC, Skirius C (1980) Light Microscopical Study of the Turin Shroud I. McCrone WC (1982) Shroud image is the work of an artist. Schwalbe LA, Rogers RN (1982) Physics and chemistry of the Shroud of Turin. Pomilio M (1975) Il quinto Evangelio, Rusconi Ed, Milano Meacham W (1983) The authentication of the Turin Shroud, an issue in archeological epistemology. Poulle E (2009) Les sources de l’histoire du linceul de Turin. Effatà Editrice, Turin, Italy, pp 1–147Īntonacci M (2000) The Resurrection of the Shroud. In: Crispino D (ed) A Shroud Spectrum International Special Issue, 1st edn. American Chemical Society, Washington DC: pp 447–476Īdler A (2002) The Orphaned manuscript, a gathering of publications on the Shroud of Turin. In: Lambert JB (Ed) Archaeological Chemistry III, ACS advances in chemistry 205, chapter 22. Jumper EJ, Adler AD, Jackson JP, Pellicori SF, Heller JH, Druzik JR (1984) A comprehensive examination of the various stains and images on the Shroud of Turin. Conceivably enough, the ongoing debate will be fierce and passionate, especially in the media. Nor can we rule out the possibility that religious implications of the new findings on the Turin Shroud might be envisaged. Innovative concepts are likely to come up using modern research approaches to evaluate the issue of blood stains of the Turin Shroud. Indeed, consistent with DNA contamination on the Turin Shroud, sequences from multiple subjects of different ethnic origins have been recently detected on the human mitochondrial genome extracted from dust particles of the linen. These days, to establish that blood indisputably belongs to an MNS positive individual of the AB group, and to exclude DNA contamination, high-specificity techniques with monoclonal antibodies and molecular studies on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are needed. Although the presence of male was more noticeable than female DNA, these data were considered null and void. In the late ‘90s, together with the evidence of the gene coding β-globin, contamination between male and female DNA was documented on the Turin Shroud. However, being only based on indirect and circumstantial evidence, most of these data were challenged. Such stains were shown to belong to an MNS positive individual of the AB group, and the halos surrounding the blood stains were compatible with serum containing trace amounts of bilirubin, albumin and immunoglobulins.

In the early ‘80s, evidence was provided that, rather than a dye (red okra), hemoglobin was indeed responsible for the alleged blood stains of the Turin Shroud.

Shroud of turin dna cloning